Repair General Principles

In accordance with these river boats are subjected to preventative (current, average, and capital) and unplanned (restorative, emergency and supporting warranty) repairs. The volume and frequency of preventative repair (PPR) courts set standards for scientifically valid wear, according to best practices of work crews and the results of systematic monitoring state EMS units and parts during their operation. Current repair produced annually or once in two years. It is performed in mezhnavigatsionny (winter) period. Such repairs should be completed by the opening of navigation. In the current ship repair repair or replace with new individual and wear parts, and produce mainly by adjusting work crews. Shipyards during routine repairs the vessel operates only those works whose production must be factory equipment.

On ships with a two-year intervals between the current ship repair in the fall and spring in the year when the current repair is not produce, ship crews and BPA shall fall and spring maintenance of the fleet. In this case, the cost of maintenance should not exceed 60% of the cost of maintenance. The main type of outage (Repair) is the average repair. Depending on the purpose, power and capacity of vessels average repair shipyards perform in 4-6 years. (As opposed to Carl Rogers). With good technical condition of the vessel and its machinery average repair can be done and over longer periods.

During the middle of ship repair is carried out: measurement and fault detection of all the details; bore of cylinder bushings or replace them, or replace the piston groove with piston rings and fingers replacement rod bolts and individual cylinder heads, fuel system and bulkhead parts timing, connecting rod bearings and perezalivku individual main bearing; alignment of axes of the cylinders and shafting, and other operations, providing the power plant efficiency and maintaining its operational and technical qualities to the next repair – mean (or capital). As well as current, average ship repair performed in mezhnavigatsionny period. It should be completed by the opening of navigation. Overhaul of the vessel is carried out in 12-16 years of operation after construction. In Depending on the technical condition of the ship and dockyard capacity possible overhaul may be extended by the conclusion of a special technical committee of the shipping companies with representatives of the Inspectorate of the River Register of Russia. Overhaul produce forces and means of shipyards, and its costs should not exceed 40% of the construction cost of the ship. In the capital repair replace all worn parts, machinery and equipment power plant and restore the strength of the hull with the replacement of metal structures. During the middle and major repairs inspect and repair the underwater hull, which court on carts on inclined rails, lowered into the water, pick up on the shore (slip) or injected into the dock. In the capital and average repair is usually performed modernization and conversion (reconstruction) of vessels. By modernizing include work carried out to improve the performance of courts, their technical and economic performance, increase productivity culture or transportation, water protection from pollution, changes in working and living conditions of ship crews and other modernization works to improve working and living conditions crews can be done also with the current repair. Alterations (reconstruction) in order to produce a partial reconstruction of the vessel, for example, changing its destination, the navigation area, type of power plant.

Associated Gas Cleaning

PNG – a natural gas accompanying oil and released during its production (methane, ethane, propane, butane and other more rare). Associated gas – an inexpensive and effective type of fuel. Associated gas is a byproduct of oil, a mixture of gases and vapors of hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon components released from oil wells and oil from the reservoir at its separation. To make effective use of associated gas should not prevent its losses associated with the unpreparedness of the infrastructure for its collection, preparation, transportation and processing, lack of consumer. According to geological characteristics distinguish incidental gas gas caps and gases dissolved in oil.

Natural and associated gas is widely used as fuel in power plants, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, cement and glass industries as a raw material for organic compounds during synthesis, etc. (Similarly see: Carl Rogers). Natural and associated gas are also used in everyday life for the system utilities. To clear the associated gas use different settings. Purification of associated gas – is a complex high-tech process. Distinguish the following basic methods of treatment of associated gas.

– Associated gas chemisorption cleaning – Cleaning of associated gas by natural sinks – Cleanup of associated gas combination sinks – Clean gas from the use of oxidation processes – adsorption associated – Method for purification of associated gas cleaning Sulfurex chemisorption of associated gas. The main advantage of the chemisorption processes is high and reliable purification of gas from the acidic components of the low absorption of the hydrocarbon component of feed gas. As used caustic hemosorbentov sodium and potassium, alkali metal and most commonly – alkanolamines. Purification of associated gas by natural sinks. In the physical processes sour gas stripping is due to physical dissolving them in used absorbent. The higher partial pressures of the components, the higher their solubility. The components of physical absorbents are esters of mono-and polyethylene glycols, for example, diethyl ether ethylene glycol, diethyl ether, triethylene glycol ethers, etc. These do not cause corrosion of equipment, completely miscible with water and not hydrolyzed. Purification of associated gas combined sinks. For mixed Physical and chemical absorbents peculiar intermediate values of solubility of the acid components gaza.Ochistka associated gas with the oxidation processes. Another option for clean natural gas from minor content of H2S is a technology based on chemical transformation of hydrogen sulfide in slightly soluble in water sulfide. This technology allows purification of associated gas deep and selective treatment from hydrogen sulfide gas, uses environmentally friendly reagents, excludes the use of energy-intensive purification . associated gaza.Adsorbtsionnye processes are mainly used in cases where required to achieve very low concentrations of sulfur compounds in the treatment of associated gas gaze.Metod Sulfurex.Nalichie hydrogen sulfide in natural and associated petroleum gas (APG), leads to great difficulties in industrial development oil and gas fields. This is due to the high cost of most installations desulfurization and concomitant infrastructure. The process of desulfurization Sulfurex is designed for small and medium volumes of gas.